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. family:.:. and earlier: DefaultOfficial websiteMicrosoft Windows, commonly referred to as Windows, is a group of several families, all of which are developed and marketed. Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry.

Active Microsoft Windows families include and; these may encompass subfamilies, e.g. Or (Windows CE). Defunct Microsoft Windows families include, and.Microsoft introduced an named Windows on November 20, 1985, as a graphical for in response to the growing interest in (GUIs). Microsoft Windows came to the world's (PC) market with, overtaking, which had been introduced in 1984.

Came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the and (eventually settled in court in Microsoft's favor in 1993). On PCs, Windows is still the most popular operating system.

The Windows Subsystem for Linux lets developers run a GNU/Linux environment - including most command-line tools, utilities, and applications - directly on Windows, unmodified, without the overhead of a virtual machine. You can: Choose your favorite GNU/Linux distributions from the Microsoft Store.

However, in 2014, Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to, because of the massive growth in sales of Android. In 2014, the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold. This comparison, however, may not be fully relevant, as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms.

Still, numbers for server use of Windows (that are comparable to competitors) show one third market share, similar to that for end user use.As of February 2020, the most recent version of Windows for PCs, and is. The most recent version for is, version 1909. Also runs on the. Contents.Genealogy By marketing roleMicrosoft, the developer of Windows, has registered several trademarks, each of which denote a family of Windows operating systems that target a specific sector of the computing industry.

As of 2014, the following Windows families were being actively developed:.: Started as a family of operating systems with, an operating system for. It now consists of three operating system subfamilies that are released almost at the same time and share the same kernel:.

Windows: The operating system for mainstream,. The latest version is. The main competitor of this family is by for personal computers and for mobile devices (c.f. ).: The operating system for server computers.

The latest version is. Unlike its client sibling, it has adopted a strong naming scheme.

The main competitor of this family is. ).: A lightweight version of its Windows sibling, meant to operate as a, used for installing Windows on bare-metal computers (especially on many computers at once), recovery or troubleshooting purposes. The latest version is Windows PE 10.

(previously Windows Embedded): Initially, Microsoft developed as a general-purpose operating system for every device that was too resource-limited to be called a full-fledged computer. Eventually, however, Windows CE was renamed Windows Embedded Compact and was folded under Windows Compact trademark which also consists of, Windows Embedded Professional, and.The following Windows families are no longer being developed:.: An operating system that targeted consumers market.

Discontinued because of suboptimal performance. ( called its last version, one of the worst products of all time. ) Microsoft now caters to the consumer market with Windows NT.: The predecessor to Windows Phone, it was a mobile phone operating system. The first version was called; the third version, is the first version to adopt the Windows Mobile trademark. The last version is.: An operating system sold only to manufacturers of smartphones. The first version was, followed by,.

It was succeeded by, that is now also discontinued.Version history. The first version, released in 1985The history of Windows dates back to 1981, when Microsoft started work on a program called 'Interface Manager'. It was announced in November 1983 (after the, but before the ) under the name 'Windows', but was not released until November 1985. Windows 1.0 was to compete with 's operating system, but achieved little popularity.

Windows 1.0 is not a complete operating system; rather, it extends. The shell of Windows 1.0 is a program known as the. Components included, Calendar, Clock,. Windows 1.0 does not allow overlapping windows.

Instead all windows are. Only modal dialog boxes may appear over other windows. Microsoft sold as included Windows Development libraries with the C development environment, which included numerous windows samples.was released in December 1987, and was more popular than its predecessor. It features several improvements to the user interface and memory management. Windows 2.03 changed the OS from tiled windows to overlapping windows. The result of this change led to Apple Computer filing a suit against Microsoft alleging infringement on Apple's copyrights.

Windows 2.0 also introduced more sophisticated and could make use of.Windows 2.1 was released in two different versions:. Windows/386 uses the of the to multitask several DOS programs and the to emulate expanded memory using available. Windows/286, in spite of its name, runs on both and processors. It runs in but can make use of the. In addition to full Windows-packages, there were runtime-only versions that shipped with early Windows software from third parties and made it possible to run their Windows software on MS-DOS and without the full Windows feature set.The early versions of Windows are often thought of as graphical shells, mostly because they ran on top of MS-DOS and use it for services. However, even the earliest Windows versions already assumed many typical operating system functions; notably, having their own and providing their own (timer, graphics, printer, mouse, keyboard and sound). Unlike MS-DOS, Windows allowed users to execute multiple graphical applications at the same time, through.

Windows implemented an elaborate, segment-based, software virtual memory scheme, which allows it to run applications larger than available memory: code segments and are swapped in and thrown away when memory became scarce; data segments moved in memory when a given application had relinquished processor control.Windows 3.x. Released in 1990, released in 1990, improved the design, mostly because of and loadable virtual device drivers that allow Windows to share arbitrary devices between multi-tasked DOS applications. Windows 3.0 applications can run in, which gives them access to several megabytes of memory without the obligation to participate in the software virtual memory scheme. They run inside the same address space, where the segmented memory provides a degree of protection.

Windows 3.0 also featured improvements to the user interface. Microsoft rewrote critical operations from into.

Windows 3.0 is the first Microsoft Windows version to achieve broad commercial success, selling 2 million copies in the first six months.Windows 3.1, made on March 1, 1992, featured a facelift. In August 1993, Windows for Workgroups, a special version with integrated features and a version number of 3.11, was released. It was sold along with Windows 3.1. Support for Windows 3.1 ended on December 31, 2001.Windows 3.2, released 1994, is an updated version of the Chinese version of Windows 3.1. The update was limited to this language version, as it fixed only issues related to the complex writing system of the Chinese language.

Windows 3.2 was generally sold by computer manufacturers with a ten-disk version of that also had in basic output and some translated utilities.Windows 9x. Main article:The next major consumer-oriented release of Windows, was released on August 24, 1995. While still remaining MS-DOS-based, Windows 95 introduced support for native, hardware, of up to 255 characters, and provided increased stability over its predecessors.

Windows 95 also introduced a redesigned, user interface, replacing the previous with the,. Windows 95 was a major commercial success for Microsoft; Ina Fried of remarked that 'by the time Windows 95 was finally ushered off the market in 2001, it had become a fixture on computer desktops around the world.'

Microsoft published four OEM Service Releases (OSR) of Windows 95, each of which was roughly equivalent to a. The first OSR of Windows 95 was also the first version of Windows to be bundled with Microsoft's,. Mainstream support for Windows 95 ended on December 31, 2000, and extended support for Windows 95 ended on December 31, 2001.Windows 95 was followed up with the release of on June 25, 1998, which introduced the, support for, support for, and support for configurations. Windows 98 also included integration with through and other aspects of the (a series of enhancements to the Explorer shell which were also made available for Windows 95). In May 1999, Microsoft released, an updated version of Windows 98.

Windows 98 SE added and 6.2 amongst other upgrades. Mainstream support for Windows 98 ended on June 30, 2002, and extended support for Windows 98 ended on July 11, 2006.On September 14, 2000, Microsoft released (Millennium Edition), the last DOS-based version of Windows.

Windows Me incorporated visual interface enhancements from its Windows NT-based counterpart, had faster boot times than previous versions (which however, required the removal of the ability to access a DOS environment, removing compatibility with some older programs), expanded functionality (including Windows Media Player 7, and the framework for retrieving images from scanners and digital cameras), additional system utilities such as and, and updated tools. However, Windows Me was faced with criticism for its speed and instability, along with hardware compatibility issues and its removal of real mode DOS support. Considered Windows Me to be one of the worst operating systems Microsoft had ever released, and the 4th worst tech product of all time.

Main article: Early versions (Windows NT 3.1/3.5/3.51/4.0/2000)In November 1988, a new development team within Microsoft (which included former developers and ) began work on a revamped version of and Microsoft's operating system known as 'NT OS/2'. NT OS/2 was intended to be a secure, operating system with compatibility and a modular, with and support for multiple processor architectures. However, following the successful release of, the NT development team decided to rework the project to use an extended port of the known as Win32 instead of those of OS/2.

Win32 maintained a similar structure to the Windows (allowing existing Windows applications to easily be to the platform), but also supported the capabilities of the existing NT kernel. Following its approval by Microsoft's staff, development continued on what was now Windows NT, the first 32-bit version of Windows. However, IBM objected to the changes, and ultimately continued OS/2 development on its own.The first release of the resulting operating system, (named to associate it with ) was released in July 1993, with versions for desktop.

Was released in September 1994, focusing on performance improvements and support for 's, and was followed up by in May 1995, which included additional improvements and support for the architecture. Was released in June 1996, introducing the redesigned interface of to the NT series. On February 17, 2000, Microsoft released, a successor to NT 4.0. The Windows NT name was dropped at this point in order to put a greater focus on the Windows brand.

Main article:The next major version of Windows NT, was released on October 25, 2001. The introduction of Windows XP aimed to unify the consumer-oriented series with the architecture introduced by Windows NT, a change which Microsoft promised would provide better performance over its DOS-based predecessors. Windows XP would also introduce a redesigned user interface (including an updated Start menu and a 'task-oriented' ), streamlined multimedia and networking features, integration with Microsoft's services, modes to help provide compatibility with software designed for previous versions of Windows, and functionality.At retail, Windows XP was now marketed in two main: the 'Home' edition was targeted towards consumers, while the 'Professional' edition was targeted towards business environments and, and included additional security and networking features. Home and Professional were later accompanied by the 'Media Center' edition (designed for, with an emphasis on support for playback, functionality, and remote controls), and the 'Tablet PC' edition (designed for mobile devices meeting its for a, with support for pen input and additional pen-enabled applications).

Mainstream support for Windows XP ended on April 14, 2009. Extended support ended on April 8, 2014.After Windows 2000, Microsoft also changed its release schedules for server operating systems; the server counterpart of Windows XP, was released in April 2003. It was followed in December 2005, by Windows Server 2003 R2.Windows Vista. Main article:On July 22, 2009, and were released as RTM (release to manufacturing) while the former was released to the public 3 months later on October 22, 2009. Unlike its predecessor, Windows Vista, which introduced a large number of, Windows 7 was intended to be a more focused, incremental upgrade to the Windows line, with the goal of being compatible with applications and hardware with which Windows Vista was already compatible. Windows 7 has support, a redesigned with an updated, a home networking system called, and performance improvements.Windows 8 and 8.1.

Main articles: and, the successor to Windows 7, was released generally on October 26, 2012. A number of significant changes were made on Windows 8, including the introduction of a user interface based around Microsoft's with optimizations for devices such as and all-in-one PCs. These changes include the, which uses large tiles that are more convenient for touch interactions and allow for the display of continually updated information, and a new class of which are designed primarily for use on touch-based devices. The new Windows version required a minimum resolution of 1024×768 pixels, effectively making it unfit for with 800×600-pixel screens.Other changes include increased integration with and other online platforms (such as and Microsoft's own (formerly SkyDrive) and services), the service for software distribution, and a new variant known as for use on devices that utilize the. An update to Windows 8, called, was released on October 17, 2013, and includes features such as new live tile sizes, deeper integration, and many other revisions.

And have been subject to some criticism, such as removal of the.Windows 10. Main article:On September 30, 2014, Microsoft announced as the successor to Windows 8.1. It was released on July 29, 2015, and addresses shortcomings in the user interface first introduced with Windows 8. Changes on PC include the return of the Start Menu, a system, and the ability to run Windows Store apps within windows on the desktop rather than in full-screen mode. Is said to be available to update from qualified with SP1, and devices from the Get Windows 10 Application (for, ) or.In February 2017, Microsoft announced the migration of its Windows source code repository from to.

This migration involved 3.5 million separate files in a 300 gigabyte repository. By May 2017, 90 percent of its engineering team was using Git, in about 8500 commits and 1760 Windows builds per day. Multilingual supportMultilingual support has been built into Windows since Windows 3. The language for both the keyboard and the interface can be changed through the Region and Language Control Panel. Components for all supported input languages, such as, are automatically installed during Windows installation (in Windows XP and earlier, files for East Asian languages, such as Chinese, and right-to-left scripts, such as Arabic, may need to be installed separately, also from the said Control Panel). Third-party IMEs may also be installed if a user feels that the provided one is insufficient for their needs.Interface languages for the operating system are free for download, but some languages are limited to certain editions of Windows. (LIPs) are redistributable and may be downloaded from Microsoft's Download Center and installed for any edition of Windows (XP or later) – they translate most, but not all, of the Windows interface, and require a certain base language (the language which Windows originally shipped with).

This is used for most languages in emerging markets. Full Language Packs, which translates the complete operating system, are only available for specific editions of Windows (Ultimate and Enterprise editions of Windows Vista and 7, and all editions of Windows 8, 8.1 and RT except Single Language). They do not require a specific base language, and are commonly used for more popular languages such as French or Chinese. These languages cannot be downloaded through the Download Center, but available as optional updates through the service (except Windows 8).The interface language of installed applications are not affected by changes in the Windows interface language. Availability of languages depends on the application developers themselves.and introduces a new Language Control Panel where both the interface and input languages can be simultaneously changed, and language packs, regardless of type, can be downloaded from a central location. The PC Settings app in and also includes a counterpart settings page for this.

Changing the interface language also changes the language of preinstalled apps (such as Mail, Maps and News) and certain other Microsoft-developed apps (such as Remote Desktop). The above limitations for language packs are however still in effect, except that full language packs can be installed for any edition except Single Language, which caters to emerging markets.Platform supportWindows NT included support for several different platforms before the -based became dominant in the professional world. And its predecessors supported, and R4000. (Although some these platforms implement, the operating system treated them as 32-bit.) However, Windows 2000, the successor of Windows NT 4.0, dropped support for all platforms except the third generation x86 (known as ) or newer in 32-bit mode.

The client line of Windows NT family still runs on IA-32, although the line has ceased supporting this platform with the release of.With the introduction of the Intel Itanium architecture , Microsoft released new versions of Windows to support it. Itanium versions of and were released at the same time as their mainstream x86 counterparts. Windows XP 64-Bit Edition, released in 2005, is the last Windows client operating systems to support Itanium.

Windows Server line continues to support this platform until; Windows Server 2008 R2 is the last Windows operating system to support Itanium architecture.On April 25, 2005, Microsoft released and Windows Server 2003 x64 Editions to support the (or simply x64), the eighth generation of x86 architecture. Was the first client version of Windows NT to be released simultaneously in IA-32 and x64 editions. X64 is still supported.An edition of Windows 8 known as was specifically created for computers with and while ARM is still used for Windows smartphones with Windows 10, tablets with Windows RT will not be updated. Starting from Windows 10 Fall Creators Update and later includes support for PCs with.

The latest current version of Windows CE, displaying a concept media player UIWindows CE (officially known as Windows Embedded Compact), is an edition of Windows that runs on, like satellite navigation systems and some mobile phones. Windows Embedded Compact is based on its own dedicated kernel, dubbed Windows CE kernel.

Microsoft licenses Windows CE to and device makers. The OEMs and device makers can modify and create their own user interfaces and experiences, while Windows CE provides the technical foundation to do so.Windows CE was used in the along with Sega's own proprietary OS for the console. Windows CE was the core from which was derived.

Its successor, was based on components from both. However, is based on the same NT-kernel as Windows 8.Windows Embedded Compact is not to be confused with or, modular editions of Windows based on Windows NT kernel.Xbox OS. Main articles: andXbox OS is an unofficial name given to the version of Windows that runs on the. It is a more specific implementation with an emphasis on virtualization (using ) as it is three operating systems running at once, consisting of the core operating system, a second implemented for games and a more Windows-like environment for applications.Microsoft updates Xbox One's OS every month, and these updates can be downloaded from the Xbox Live service to the Xbox and subsequently installed, or by using offline recovery images downloaded via a PC. The Windows 10-based Core had replaced the Windows 8-based one in this update, and the new system is sometimes referred to as 'Windows 10 on Xbox One' or 'OneCore'.Xbox One's system also allows backward compatibility with Xbox 360, and the Xbox 360's system is backwards compatible with the original Xbox. Version control systemIn 2017 Microsoft announced that it would start using, an open source version control system created.

Microsoft has previously used a proprietary version control system called 'Source Depot'. Microsoft had begun to integrate Git into in 2013, but Windows continued to rely on Source Depot. Because of its large, decades-long history, the Windows codebase is not especially well suited to the decentralized nature of development that Git was originally created to manage. Each Git repository contains a complete history of all the files, which proved unworkable for Windows developers because cloning the repository takes several hours.

Microsoft has been working on a new project called the Virtual File System for Git (VFSForGit) to address these challenges. Timeline of releases.

This box:.Market share overviewAs a percentage of desktop systems, according toand data from March 2020Mobile market share is very low at under 0.1% for all versions combined. Desktop OSNet ApplicationsStatCounterolder versions0.00%0.03%1.23%1.07%0.11%0.43%26.23%16.35%0.62%0.92%3.69%3.57%57.34%54.73%All versions89.22%77.10%According to, which tracks the use of operating systems in devices that are active on the Web, Windows was the most used operating-system family on personal computers in July 2017, with close to 90% usage share. Including personal computers of all kinds (e.g., desktops, laptops, mobile devices), Windows OSes accounted for 35.24% of usage share in July 2017, compared to Android (highest, at 41.24%), iOS's 13.22%, and macOS's 4.64%, according to, which tracks use of operating systems by their use in devices active on the Web. Windows is used in less than half the market not only in developing countries, but also in developed ones—such as the, where use of Windows on desktops, on which it is the plurality operating system, has fallen to 46.18%, and the. These numbers are easiest (monthly numbers) to find that track real use, but they may not mirror installed base or sales numbers (in recent years) of devices. They are consistent with server numbers in next section.In terms of the number of devices shipped with the operating system installed, on smartphones, Windows Phone was the third-most-shipped OS (2.6%) after Android (82.8%) and iOS (13.9%) in the second quarter of 2015 according to. Across both PCs and mobile devices, in 2014, Windows OSes were the second-most-shipped (333 million devices, or 14%) after Android (1.2 billion, 49%) and ahead of iOS and macOS combined (263 million, 11%).Use of the latest version has exceeded Windows 7 globally since early 2018.

Usage share on serversUsage share of Windows on servers – those running a that is (there are also other kinds of servers) – is at 30.3%. SecurityConsumer versions of Windows were originally designed for ease-of-use on a single-user PC without a network connection, and did not have security features built in from the outset. However, Windows NT and its successors are designed for security (including on a network) and multi-user PCs, but were not initially designed with Internet security in mind as much, since, when it was first developed in the early 1990s, Internet use was less prevalent.These design issues combined with programming errors (e.g. ) and the popularity of Windows means that it is a frequent target of and writers. In June 2005, 's Counterpane Internet Security reported that it had seen over 1,000 new viruses and worms in the previous six months.

In 2005, found around 11,000 malicious programs—viruses, Trojans, back-doors, and exploits written for Windows.Microsoft releases security patches through its service approximately once a month (usually the of the month), although critical updates are made available at shorter intervals when necessary. In versions of Windows after and including Windows 2000 SP3 and Windows XP, updates can be automatically downloaded and installed if the user selects to do so. As a result, Service Pack 2 for Windows XP, as well as Service Pack 1 for Windows Server 2003, were installed by users more quickly than it otherwise might have been.While the series offered the option of having profiles for multiple users, they had no concept of, and did not allow concurrent access; and so were not true operating systems. In addition, they implemented only partial. They were accordingly widely criticised for lack of security.The series of operating systems, by contrast, are true multi-user, and implement absolute memory protection. However, a lot of the advantages of being a true multi-user operating system were nullified by the fact that, prior to Windows Vista, the first user account created during the setup process was an account, which was also the default for new accounts.

Though did have limited accounts, the majority of home users did not change to an account type with fewer rights – partially due to the number of programs which unnecessarily required administrator rights – and so most home users ran as administrator all the time.changes this by introducing a privilege elevation system called. When logging in as a standard user, a logon session is created and a containing only the most basic privileges is assigned. In this way, the new logon session is incapable of making changes that would affect the entire system. When logging in as a user in the Administrators group, two separate tokens are assigned. The first token contains all privileges typically awarded to an administrator, and the second is a restricted token similar to what a standard user would receive.

User applications, including the, are then started with the restricted token, resulting in a reduced privilege environment even under an Administrator account. This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

( October 2018)In an article based on a report by Symantec, internetnews.com has described Microsoft Windows as having the 'fewest number of patches and the shortest average patch development time of the five operating systems it monitored in the last six months of 2006.' A study conducted by and marketing communications firm Avantgarde in 2004, found that an unprotected and unpatched Windows XP system with Service Pack 1 lasted only four minutes on the Internet before it was compromised, and an unprotected and also unpatched Windows Server 2003 system was compromised after being connected to the internet for 8 hours.

The computer that was running Windows XP Service Pack 2 was not compromised. The National Cyber Security Alliance Online Safety Study of October 2004, determined that 80% of Windows users were infected by at least one / product. Much documentation is available describing how to increase the security of Microsoft Windows products. Typical suggestions include deploying Microsoft Windows behind a hardware or software, running and software, and installing patches as they become available through Windows Update. Alternative implementationsOwing to the operating system's popularity, a number of applications have been released that aim to provide compatibility with Windows applications, either as a for another operating system, or as a standalone system that can run software written for Windows out of the box.

These include:. – a implementation of the, allowing one to run many Windows applications on x86-based platforms, including,. Wine developers refer to it as a 'compatibility layer' and use Windows-style APIs to emulate Windows environment. – a Wine package with licensed fonts. Its developers are regular contributors to Wine, and focus on Wine running officially supported applications. – a proprietary of Wine by, designed specifically for running Microsoft Windows games on Linux. A version of Cedega known as allows Windows games to run on macOS.

Since Wine was licensed under the LGPL, Cedega has been unable to port the improvements made to Wine to their proprietary codebase. Cedega ceased its service in February 2011. – a port of Wine for. Operates by running Wine on. – a set of patches to the Linux kernel allowing many Windows executable files in Linux (using Wine DLLs); and some Windows drivers to be used. – an open-source OS intended to run the same software as Windows, originally designed to simulate Windows NT 4.0, now aiming at Windows 7 compatibility. It has been in the since 1996.

– formerly LindowsOS, a commercial Linux distribution initially created with the goal of running major Windows software. Changed its name to Linspire after. Discontinued in favor of, that was also later discontinued. Freedows OS – an open-source attempt at creating a Windows clone for x86 platforms, intended to be released under the. Started in 1996, by Reece K.

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3 file types use the .ws file extension.

• 1.Windows Script
• 2.1-2-3 Word Search Maker Puzzle File
• 3.WonderSwan Game ROM File

File Type 1Windows Script

Developer	Microsoft
Popularity
Category	Executable Files
Format	Text

What is a WS file?

Executable script for Windows that can incorporate JScript and VBScript routines and may include XML elements; runs when opened if Windows Scripting Host (WSH) 2.0 or later is installed.

NOTE: Do not open as an e-mail attachment, since WS files can contain viruses or other malicious programs.

Unknown files on your Mac? Try File Viewer.

File Type 21-2-3 Word Search Maker Puzzle File

Developer	Variety Games
Popularity
Category	Data Files
Format	Text

.WS File Association 2

File created by 1-2-3 Word Search Maker, a program used for making word search puzzles; stores a word list as well as the alphabetical grid containing the words to find; also stores the solution by highlighting the word list in the puzzle.

When you have completed designing a word puzzle, you can print it with a standard printer.

NOTE: WS files are saved in a simple text format and can be viewed with any text editor to browse the contents.

Windows

Variety Games 1-2-3 Word Search Maker

File Type 3WonderSwan Game ROM File

Developer	N/A
Popularity
Category	Game Files
Format	Binary

.WS File Association 3

A WS file is a game ROM file used by WonderSwan emulators, such as Oswan, OpenEmu, and Higan. It contains an exact copy of the game data dumped from the original WonderSwan game cartridge.

WonderSwan emulators allow users to play WonderSwan games on a computer as if they were run on the original system. Game data from the original WonderSwan game cartridge is dumped into a WS file, which stores the game data in a format that can be played by a WonderSwan emulator.

WonderSwan is a Japanese handheld video game console created by Bandai. It was released in 1999 as a competitor to Nintendo's Game Boy Color. It was discontinued in 2003. WonderSwan game titles include Buffers Evolution, Beatmania, Final Lap 2000, Gunpey, Harobots, and Puzzle Bobble.

Mac	OpenEmu Oswan

Windows

Oswan Mednafen Higan